Photo credit for this page: Jomo Kenyatta photographed in 1966 by Moshe Pridan for the Israeli Government Press Office, from the National Photo Collection of Israel on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Photo credit for this page: Julius Nyerere photographed by Rob Mieremet for Anefo, from the Nationaal Archief collection on Wikimedia Commons. Released under CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication.

Photo credit for this page: Patrice Lumumba photographed in 1960 by Harry Pot for Anefo, from the Nationaal Archief collection on Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4..

Jomo Kenyatta is remembered as the founding father of independent Kenya. Trained in anthropology in London, he published Facing Mount Kenya in 1938, a study of Kikuyu life that answered colonial accounts of Africa. He later led the Kenya African National Union, became Kenya's first prime minister at independence in December 1963 and its first president a year later, and held office until his death on 22 August 1978.

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Julius Nyerere was born in Butiama in 1922 and led Tanganyika to independence from Britain in December 1961, serving first as prime minister and then as president. In 1964 Tanganyika joined with Zanzibar to form Tanzania, and he governed until 1985. Known across the country as Mwalimu, the Swahili word for teacher, he set out his socialist vision of ujamaa in the Arusha Declaration of February 1967. He died in London on 14 October 1999.

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Steve Biko was born on 18 December 1946 in South Africa's Eastern Cape and became the clearest voice of the Black Consciousness Movement. He was elected the first president of the South African Students' Organisation in 1969 and wrote under the pen name Frank Talk. Detained by the apartheid security police, he died in Pretoria on 12 September 1977 from brain injuries suffered in custody. He was 30. His writing still shapes black political thought across Africa.

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Patrice Lumumba was born on 2 July 1925 in the Belgian Congo and founded the Mouvement National Congolais in 1958. When the Congo won independence on 30 June 1960 he became its first elected prime minister, but he was pushed out of office within about twelve weeks during the crisis that followed. He was killed in Katanga on 17 January 1961 at the age of 35, and remains a lasting symbol of African self-determination.

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Kwame Nkrumah was born in Nkroful in the Gold Coast in 1909 and became the leading figure in Ghana's march to independence. He served as prime minister from 1952 and led Ghana out of British rule on 6 March 1957, the first colony in sub-Saharan Africa to get there. He became president in 1960, championed pan-Africanism and continental unity, and was removed by a coup in 1966. He died in Bucharest on 27 April 1972.

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