Photo credit: Dr. Nwafor Orizu, 3rd Senate President, held by the National Library of Nigeria, author unknown. Sourced from Wikimedia Commons and released under a CC0 public domain dedication. File name: Dr. Nwafor Orizu (3rd Senate President 1960 - 1966).jpg

Photo credit: Gen. Murtala Muhammed, held by the National Library of Nigeria, author unknown. Sourced from Wikimedia Commons and used under a public domain licence. File name: Gen. Murtala Muhammed (cropped).jpg

Photo credit: United States Department of Defense photograph by CLAWSON, showing President Shagari of Nigeria arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Sourced from Wikimedia Commons and used under a public domain licence. File name: President Sharari cropped.jpg

Photo credit: Major Gen. J.T.U. Aguiyi Ironsi, held by the National Library of Nigeria, author unknown. Sourced from Wikimedia Commons and used under a public domain licence. File name: Major Gen. J.T.U. Aguiyi Ironsi (cropped).jpg

Photo credit: Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR, held by the National Library of Nigeria, author unknown. Sourced from Wikimedia Commons and used under a public domain licence. File name: Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg

Abyssinia Akweke Nwafor Orizu was born on 17 July 1914 in Nnewi, in what is now Anambra State. He studied in the United States, taking degrees at Ohio State University and Columbia University, and his 1944 book Without Bitterness argued for American style education in Africa. He was President of the Senate in the First Republic and acted as President of Nigeria in late 1965. In January 1966 he announced the cabinet decision to hand power to the armed forces. He died in 1999.

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Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi-Ironsi was born on 3 March 1924 in Umuahia, in present day Abia State. A career soldier, he commanded United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Congo in 1964. After the coup of 15 January 1966 he became Nigeria's first military head of state, holding office for 194 days. His decree abolishing the regions in favour of a unitary government drew fierce opposition. He was killed near Ibadan on 29 July 1966 during a counter coup.

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Yakubu Gowon was born on 19 October 1934 in what is now Plateau State and trained as an officer at Sandhurst. He became head of state on 1 August 1966 and led Nigeria through the civil war of 1967 to 1970, declaring at its end that there was no victor and no vanquished. He was removed in a bloodless coup in July 1975 while abroad at a summit. He later earned a doctorate at the University of Warwick and taught at the University of Jos.

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Murtala Ramat Muhammed was born on 8 November 1938 in Kano and became Nigeria's head of state on 29 July 1975. In just over six months in office he ordered a sweeping purge of the public service, created seven new states, and announced on 3 February 1976 that the federal capital would move from Lagos to Abuja. He also set a timetable for a return to civilian rule. He was assassinated in Lagos on 13 February 1976, aged 37.

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Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari was born on 25 February 1925 in Shagari, in what is now Sokoto State, and died in Abuja on 28 December 2018 at the age of 93. A teacher before he entered politics, he won a seat in the federal House of Representatives in 1954 and held ministerial posts after independence. In 1979 he became President of Nigeria's Second Republic. His government was removed by a military coup on 31 December 1983.

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